模块解析

Module resolution in JavaScript is a complex topic.

The ecosystem is currently in the midst of a years-long transition from CommonJS modules to native ES modules. TypeScript enforces its own set of rules around import extensions that aren't compatible with ESM. Different build tools support path re-mapping via disparate non-compatible mechanisms.

Bun aims to provide a consistent and predictable module resolution system that just works. Unfortunately it's still quite complex.

Syntax

Consider the following files.

index.ts

import { hello } from "./hello";

hello();

hello.ts

export function hello() {
  console.log("Hello world!");
}

When we run index.ts, it prints "Hello world!".

$ bun index.ts
Hello world!

In this case, we are importing from ./hello, a relative path with no extension. Extensioned imports are optional but supported. To resolve this import, Bun will check for the following files in order:

• ./hello.tsx
• ./hello.jsx
• ./hello.ts
• ./hello.mjs
• ./hello.js
• ./hello.cjs
• ./hello.json
• ./hello/index.tsx
• ./hello/index.jsx
• ./hello/index.ts
• ./hello/index.mjs
• ./hello/index.js
• ./hello/index.cjs
• ./hello/index.json

Import paths can optionally include extensions. If an extension is present, Bun will only check for a file with that exact extension.

import { hello } from "./hello";
import { hello } from "./hello.ts"; // this works

If you import from "*.js{x}", Bun will additionally check for a matching *.ts{x} file, to be compatible with TypeScript's ES module support.

import { hello } from "./hello";
import { hello } from "./hello.ts"; // this works
import { hello } from "./hello.js"; // this also works

Bun supports both ES modules (import/export syntax) and CommonJS modules (require()/module.exports). The following CommonJS version would also work in Bun.

index.js

const { hello } = require("./hello");

hello();

hello.js

function hello() {
  console.log("Hello world!");
}

exports.hello = hello;

That said, using CommonJS is discouraged in new projects.

Module systems

Bun has native support for CommonJS and ES modules. ES Modules are the recommended module format for new projects, but CommonJS modules are still widely used in the Node.js ecosystem.

In Bun's JavaScript runtime, require can be used by both ES Modules and CommonJS modules. If the target module is an ES Module, require returns the module namespace object (equivalent to import * as). If the target module is a CommonJS module, require returns the module.exports object (as in Node.js).

Module Type	require()	import * as
ES Module	Module Namespace	Module Namespace
CommonJS	module.exports	default is module.exports, keys of module.exports are named exports

Using require()

You can require() any file or package, even .ts or .mjs files.

const { foo } = require("./foo"); // extensions are optional
const { bar } = require("./bar.mjs");
const { baz } = require("./baz.tsx");

What is a CommonJS module?

In 2016, ECMAScript added support for ES Modules. ES Modules are the standard for JavaScript modules. However, millions of npm packages still use CommonJS modules.

CommonJS modules are modules that use module.exports to export values. Typically, require is used to import CommonJS modules.

// my-commonjs.cjs
const stuff = require("./stuff");
module.exports = { stuff };

The biggest difference between CommonJS and ES Modules is that CommonJS modules are synchronous, while ES Modules are asynchronous. There are other differences too.

• ES Modules support top-level await and CommonJS modules don't.
• ES Modules are always in strict mode, while CommonJS modules are not.
• Browsers do not have native support for CommonJS modules, but they do have native support for ES Modules via <script type="module">.
• CommonJS modules are not statically analyzable, while ES Modules only allow static imports and exports.

CommonJS Modules: These are a type of module system used in JavaScript. One key feature of CommonJS modules is that they load and execute synchronously. This means that when you import a CommonJS module, the code in that module runs immediately, and your program waits for it to finish before moving on to the next task. It's similar to reading a book from start to finish without skipping pages.

ES Modules (ESM): These are another type of module system introduced in JavaScript. They have a slightly different behavior compared to CommonJS. In ESM, static imports (imports made using import statements) are synchronous, just like CommonJS. This means that when you import an ESM using a regular import statement, the code in that module runs immediately, and your program proceeds in a step-by-step manner. Think of it like reading a book page by page.

Dynamic imports: Now, here comes the part that might be confusing. ES Modules also support importing modules on the fly via the import() function. This is called a "dynamic import" and it's asynchronous, so it doesn't block the main program execution. Instead, it fetches and loads the module in the background while your program continues to run. Once the module is ready, you can use it. This is like getting additional information from a book while you're still reading it, without having to pause your reading.

In summary:

• CommonJS modules and static ES Modules (import statements) work in a similar synchronous way, like reading a book from start to finish.
• ES Modules also offer the option to import modules asynchronously using the import() function. This is like looking up additional information in the middle of reading the book without stopping.

Using import

You can import any file or package, even .cjs files.

import { foo } from "./foo"; // extensions are optional
import bar from "./bar.ts";
import { stuff } from "./my-commonjs.cjs";

Using import and require() together

In Bun, you can use import or require in the same file—they both work, all the time.

import { stuff } from "./my-commonjs.cjs";
import Stuff from "./my-commonjs.cjs";
const myStuff = require("./my-commonjs.cjs");

Top level await

The only exception to this rule is top-level await. You can't require() a file that uses top-level await, since the require() function is inherently synchronous.

Fortunately, very few libraries use top-level await, so this is rarely a problem. But if you're using top-level await in your application code, make sure that file isn't being require() from elsewhere in your application. Instead, you should use import or dynamic import().

Importing packages

Bun implements the Node.js module resolution algorithm, so you can import packages from node_modules with a bare specifier.

import { stuff } from "foo";

The full specification of this algorithm are officially documented in the Node.js documentation; we won't rehash it here. Briefly: if you import from "foo", Bun scans up the file system for a node_modules directory containing the package foo.

Once it finds the foo package, Bun reads the package.json to determine how the package should be imported. To determine the package's entrypoint, Bun first reads the exports field and checks for the following conditions.

{
  "name": "foo",
  "exports": {
    "bun": "./index.js",
    "worker": "./index.js",
    "node": "./index.js",
    "require": "./index.js", // if importer is CommonJS
    "import": "./index.mjs", // if importer is ES module
    "default": "./index.js",
  }
}

Whichever one of these conditions occurs first in the package.json is used to determine the package's entrypoint.

Bun respects subpath "exports" and "imports".

{
  "name": "foo",
  "exports": {
    ".": "./index.js"
  }
}

Subpath imports and conditional imports work in conjunction with each other.

{
  "name": "foo",
  "exports": {
    ".": {
      "import": "./index.mjs",
      "require": "./index.js"
    }
  }
}

As in Node.js, Specifying any subpath in the "exports" map will prevent other subpaths from being importable; you can only import files that are explicitly exported. Given the package.json above:

import stuff from "foo"; // this works
import stuff from "foo/index.mjs"; // this doesn't

备注

Shipping TypeScript — Note that Bun supports the special "bun" export condition. If your library is written in TypeScript, you can publish your (un-transpiled!) TypeScript files to npm directly. If you specify your package's *.ts entrypoint in the "bun" condition, Bun will directly import and execute your TypeScript source files.

If exports is not defined, Bun falls back to "module" (ESM imports only) then "main".

{
  "name": "foo",
  "module": "./index.js",
  "main": "./index.js"
}

Path re-mapping

In the spirit of treating TypeScript as a first-class citizen, the Bun runtime will re-map import paths according to the compilerOptions.paths field in tsconfig.json. This is a major divergence from Node.js, which doesn't support any form of import path re-mapping.

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "paths": {
      "config": ["./config.ts"],         // map specifier to file
      "components/*": ["components/*"],  // wildcard matching
    }
  }
}

If you aren't a TypeScript user, you can create a jsconfig.json in your project root to achieve the same behavior.

Low-level details of CommonJS interop in Bun

Bun's JavaScript runtime has native support for CommonJS. When Bun's JavaScript transpiler detects usages of module.exports, it treats the file as CommonJS. The module loader will then wrap the transpiled module in a function shaped like this:

(function (module, exports, require) {
  // transpiled module
})(module, exports, require);

module, exports, and require are very much like the module, exports, and require in Node.js. These are assigned via a with scope in C++. An internal Map stores the exports object to handle cyclical require calls before the module is fully loaded.

Once the CommonJS module is successfully evaluated, a Synthetic Module Record is created with the default ES Module export set to module.exports and keys of the module.exports object are re-exported as named exports (if the module.exports object is an object).

When using Bun's bundler, this works differently. The bundler will wrap the CommonJS module in a require_${moduleName} function which returns the module.exports object.